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Biography

Professional biography

I am a neuroscientist with expertise and research interest in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric disorders, Neuropathology, Neuroimmunology, and Developmental Neurobiology. I have extensive teaching experience in the Neurosciences and Mental Health, with a broader interest in postgraduate studies, medical education, online and distance-learning.

I joined the Open University in 2003, coming from the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, where I co-ordinated and led research into the pathogenesis of prion diseases funded by the European Union (1998-2003). My research at the Open University has focused on the neurobiology of autism (2003-2012), collaborating with colleagues in Germany, leading a programme supported by NAAR, Autism Speaks and ATP in the United States, and on microglial cell development (2006-present) collaborating with colleagues at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, and in Japan. I have held long-standing honorary and visiting academic appointments at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London (2001-2014), and have taught on the MSc Neuroscience programme at the Institute for nearly two decades (1995-2014). I was appointed Reader at the OU in 2008 and Head of the Brain and Behavioural Sciences Discipline in the Faculty of Science from 2011-2013.

Since 2013, I have directed the Science Taught Postgraduate Programme (2013-2016), and developed and led the MSc in Mental Health Science (2016-2023) and the ‘Open Masters’ (MA/MSc Open) programmes (2016-2023). At institutional level, I was involved in developing the Valued Ways of Working for Academics and Leadership Competency Frameworks (2012) and as Academic Lead on the University’s Taught Postgraduate Pass Mark and Classification Project (2018-2020) which has seen the transition to the 50% pass mark and a new Classification Framework for Taught Postgraduate at the OU. I have also made significant contributions to taught postgraduate induction as co-author of the ‘Succeeding in Postgraduate Study’ Badged Open Course (launched in 2017) and have authored advanced free learning resources on Mental Health focusing on Anxiety and Depression on OpenLearn (2019).

I am a Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine (RSM), a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (RSB) and a member of the Royal Institution of Great Britain (RI), the British Neuropathological Society (BNS), International Society of Neuropathology (ISN), the British Neuroscience Association (BNA), Federation of European Neuroscience Societies (FENS), the International Brain Research Organisation (IBRO) and the Biosciences Federation (BSF). I have served on the General and Academic Committees of the BNS (2006-2010), on the Advisory Board of the UK Brain Bank for Autism and Related Developmental Research (2009-2018), on the Open University's Senate (2008-2012), Research Careers Development Advisory Group (2006-2014), Taught Postgraduate Advisory Group (2014-2018), as Chair of the STEM Taught Postgraduate Group (2017-2021), as Postgraduate Science Exam and Award Board Chair (2016-2023), OU Validation Partnerships External Review Panel Chair (2019), and as an academic member contributing to the ongoing work of the Assessment Programme (2018-present) and the Human Research Ethics Committee (2022-present). My most recent appointment is as Co-Chair of the University's Taught Postgraduate Steering and Advisory Group (2025-2028) and I am looking forward to serving the OU in this capacity over the next few years.

BSc (Honours) Physiology, King's College London, University of London.
MSc and PhD in Neuroscience (Neuropathology and Neuroimmunology), Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, University of London.

Publications

Book

Researching the Autism Spectrum: Contemporary Perspectives (2011)

Book Chapter

History of Microglia (2024)

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) as a tool to investigate the neurophysiology of autism (2011)

Digital Artefact

History of Neuroscience: Mesoglia and Microglia (2007)

Journal Article

Glial cells are functionally impaired in juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis and detrimental to neurons. (2017)

Impact of age-related neuroglial cell responses on hippocampal deterioration (2015)

Dysfunctional Dopaminergic Neurones in Mouse Models of Huntington's Disease: A Role for SK3 Channels (2015)

An NCAM mimetic, FGL, alters hippocampal cellular morphometry in young adult (4 month-old) rats (2013)

Age-related changes in the hippocampus (loss of synaptophysin and glial-synaptic interaction) are modified by systemic treatment with an NCAM-derived peptide, FGL (2012)

A neural cell adhesion molecule-derived peptide, FGL, attenuates glial cell activation in the aged hippocampus (2011)

Impaired long-term potentiation in the prefrontal cortex of Huntington’s disease mouse models: rescue by D1 dopamine receptor activation (2011)

Expression of chemokines and their receptors by human brain endothelium: Implications for multiple sclerosis (2009)

Alteration of blood–brain barrier integrity by retroviral infection (2008)

The neuropathology of autism: where do we stand? (2008)

Dynamic expression of Dab2 in the mouse embryonic central nervous system (2008)

Vacuolar degeneration affecting brain acrophages/microglia in variant CJD: a report on two cases (2007)

Progressive CAG expansion in the brain of a novel R6/1-89Q mouse model of Huntington's disease with delayed phenotypic onset (2007)

The origin and cell lineage of microglia — new concepts (2007)

Early development of aberrant synaptic plasticity in a mouse model of Huntington's disease (2006)

Activation of non-neuronal cells within the prenatal developing brain of sheep with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (2006)

Glial activation spreads from specific cerebral foci and precedes neurodegeneration in presymptomatic ovine neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (CLN6) (2005)

Microglia in the cerebral wall of the human telencephalon at second trimester (2005)

Transient expression of MIDC-8 in the normal mouse brain (2005)

Expression of cellular prion protein in the frontal and occipital lobe in Alzheimer's disease, diffuse Lewy Body disease, and in normal brain: an immunohistochemical study (2005)

Late onset neurodegeneration in the Cln3-/- mouse model of juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis is preceded by low level glial activation (2004)

Brain macrophages and microglia in human fetal hydrocephalus (2004)

Hippocampal neuron loss is greater than amyloid plaque load in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (2004)

Subdural hematoma (SDH): assessment of macrophage reactivity within the dura mater and underlying hematoma (2004)

Anomalous alterations affecting microglia in the central nervous system of a fetus at 12 weeks of gestation: case report (2004)

Microglia in the human nervous system during development (2003)

Excitotoxic lesioning of the rat basal forebrain with S-AMPA: consequent mineralization and associated glial response (2003)

Distribution and morphology of GFAP-positive astrocytes in the human fetal brain at second trimester (2003)

Microglia in fetal and adult human brain can be distinguished from other mononuclear phagocytes through their lack of CD163 expression (2003)

In vitro expression of major histocompatibility class I and class II antigens by conditionally immortalized murine neural stem cells (2003)

Periventricular leukomalacia, inflammation and white matter lesions within the developing nervous system (2002)

Microglial colonization of the developing mouse brain: the effects of CD11b deletion [poster presentation] (2002)

Motility and ramification of human fetal microglia in culture: an investigation using time-lapse video microscopy and image analysis (2002)

Transplantation of neural stem cells in a rat model of stroke: assessment of short-term graft survival and acute host immunological response (2002)

Expression of beta-chemokines and chemokine receptors in human fetal astrocyte and microglial co-cultures: potential role of chemokines in the developing CNS (2002)

Mesoglia & microglia: a historical review of the concept of mononuclear phagocytes within the central nervous system (2002)

Differentiation, ramification and distribution of Microglia within the central nervous system examined (2002)

Periventricular leukomalacia: the role of inflammatory mediators and microglia in pathogenesis (2002)

Colonisation of the human central nervous system by microglia: the roles of chemokines and vascular adhesion molecules (2001)

Microglia and the pathogenesis of spongiform encephalopathies (2001)

Presentation / Conference

A quantitative analysis of synaptophysin immunoreactivity within the cerebral cortex in autism (2011)

The anterior cingulate (BA24c, BA32), ectorhinal (BA36) and triangular (BA45) cortices in autism: a stereological investigation of deep cortical layers and subcortical white matter (2011)

The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (BA32) in autism: Morphometric analyses of deep cortical layers and subcortical white matter (2010)

Age-related changes within the hippocampus: attenuation of glial activation and synaptic loss by a cell adhesion molecule mimetic (FGL) (2010)

A systematic evaluation of dendritic and neuronal (MAP2, SMI-311) immunolabelling within the cerebral cortex in autism (2009)

Overexpression of S100β within the cerebral cortex in autism (2009)

A systematic study of MAP2 and SMI-311 immunolabelled neurons and dendrites within the cerebral cortex in autism (2009)

The neuropathology of autism - neuronal cytoarchitectural alterations and glial cell responses (2007)

Glial cells within the cerebral cortex in autism (2007)

Human cerebral endothelial cells support infection by HTLV (2007)

Assessment of glial cell reactivity within the frontal lobe in autism (platform presentation) (2006)

Astrocytes and microglia in human type-II lissencephaly [poster presentation] (2005)

Microglial progenitors in the human forebrain during the second trimester [poster presentation] (2004)

Radial glia, astrocytes and microglia in human type-II lissencephaly [poster presentation] (2004)

Microglial anomaly in a human fetus at twelve weeks of gestation [poster presentation] (2004)

Anomalous alterations affecting microglia in a human fetus at 12 weeks of gestation (platform presentation) (2004)

Regional expression of synaptic markers in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (platform presentation) (2004)

Upregulation of astrocytic and microglial markers precedes late onset neurodegenerative changes in the Cln3-/- mouse model of juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (platform presentation) (2004)

Colonization of the developing mouse brain by microglial progenitors [poster presentation] (2003)

On the origins of mononuclear phagocytes within the central nervous system [platform presentation] (2003)

Brain macrophages and microglia in human fetal hydrocephalus [poster presentation] (2002)

Microglia in the CD11b knockout mouse [poster presentation] (2002)

Timing of subdural haematoma [poster presentation] (2002)

A quantitative analysis of cellular prion protein (PrPc) expression in Alzheimer's disease, diffuse Lewy body disease and in normal brain [poster presentation] (2002)

Transmission of vCJD and BSE to wild-type and transgenic mice: neuropathology and immunocytochemical characterisation (2001)

Unconventional `inflammatory' response and the pathogenesis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (2001)