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Prf Peter Hegarty

Professor In Psychology

Psychology

peter.hegarty@open.ac.uk

Biography

Professional biography

Peter Hegarty is a social psychologist and historian of psychology whose interests cluster around sexuality and gender, cognition and language. He studied at Trinity College Dublin and Stanford University and worked at the City University of New York, Yale University, the University of Surrey, the University of Michigan and Université Libre de Bruxelles prior to joining the Open University in 2020. Details of his latest work are on his Google Scholar profile, his oral history is available at Psychology’s Feminist Voices, and videos featuring Peter are collated on his YouTube channel

Research interests

Peter’s research interests are broad ranging. In social psychology, he has researched how markers of social status - such as gender, ‘race’ and sexuality - bias scientific thinking about group differences and the development of research hypotheses. He has also examined the relationship between essentialist thinking and prejudice, considering both the psychology of those who stereotype and those targeted by stereotypes. He investigated the drawing and interpretation of gender difference graphs as ways as a way to evidence how embodied cognition impacts scientific reasoning.

Peter is the author of three books on the history of psychology; 

Gentlemen’s Disagreement: Alfred Kinsey, Lewis Terman, and the Sexual Politics of Smart Men (University of Chicago, 2013), 

A Recent History of Lesbian and Gay Psychology: From Homophobia to LGBT (Routledge, 2017). Winner of the distniguished book award from Division 44 of the American Psychological Association (2018).

A Feminist Companion to Conceptual and Historical Issues in Psychology (CHIP)  co-authored with Katherine Hubbard (Open University Press, 2024).

Peter was an associate editor of the 2022 Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of Modern Psychology, Volumes I-IV (pp. 1-2218), and has guest edited/co-edited special issues and features in the journals American Psychologist, Feminism & Psychology, History of Psychology, Memory Studies, Psychology & Sexuality, and Psychology of Sexualities Review. 

Peter has long been active in the emerging field of intersex studies. Peter was part of the SENS collaboration, who used qualitative methods to describe how young people and their parents & healthcare professionals make sense of diverse sex development. He supervised the Wellcome Trust University Award Intersex UK: A History for the Age of Consensus at the University of Surrey (2015-2020) and co-organized the 2016 conference After the Recognition of Intersex Human Rightsas part of that project. Peter has used focus groups, surveys and experiments to map public understanding of intersex in the UK and the USA. He recently collaborated with Sam Vaughan to critically examine how market-leading psychology textbooks teach psychology students  about intersex variations. He currently chairs the steering group of the professional group PSI- I (Psychosocial Studies Intersex - International), and serves both on the American Psychological Association's Task Force on Differences of Sex Development, and on the Executive Committee of the UK Charity Icon UK.​

Teaching interests

Peter leads the Qualification MSc in Psychology (Conversion) and has been involved in the production of its first module Critically Exploring Psychology 1. Whilst he was co-director of the Open Psychology Research Centre from 2020-2024 he lead the development of the OPRC Collaboration Laboratory (ColLab). 

Peter has supervised or co-supervised fifteen PhD dissertations in Psychology, and has co-published with all of his past Phd students. He received the 2017 BPS Award for Promoting Equality of Opportunity in Psychology in recognition of his work in supporting diverse early career researchers in Psychology.  He developed and co-directed the University of Michigan  International Summer Institutes in LGBT Psychology (2008-2010), which was the largest training institute for early career researchers in LGBT psychology in the world. In 2020 he directed the European Association of Social Psychology Summer School during the COVID-19 pandemic,   He lead the career development  planning of fifteen PhD fellows in the European Training Network G-VERSITY (2020-2024). His current PhD students are Marie Lou Nussbaum (University of Berne, Switzerland), and Shannon O' Rourke (Open University, UK). 

External collaborations

Peter has a long history of service to the field. He is a past associate editor of the European Journal of Social Psychology Social and Personality Psychology Compassand British Journal of Social Psychology. In 2004, he was the first person to be elected to chair the BPS Psychology of Sexualities Section.  He was a contributing author to the 2012 BPS Guidelines for Therapeutic Treatment of Sexual and Gender Minority Clients. Peter has spoken at the London Science Museum, the Cheltenham Literary and Science Festivals, the Surrey History Centre, the Sick! Festival, the Institute for Historical Research, the Royal Society of Medicine, and at events organized by the Ozanne Foundation, In 2021, he was invited to speak on LGBTQ history on the APA podcast series Speaking of Psychology. He is currently on the advisory committee of the British Psychological Society's History of Psychology Centre.

Projects

TRANSFER-IN: G-VERSITY - Achieving Gender Diversity

The European Training Network (ETN) G-VERSITY – Achieving Gender Diversity is an interdisciplinary and intersectoral doctoral training network for early stage researchers. G-VERSITY aims at fostering new kinds of expertise and jobs needed in Europe to help employers overcome the underrepresentation of women, men, and sexual and gender minority Groups (SGMs). The network constitutes a prototype for innovative doctoral training on gender diversity research. G-VERSITY joins 8 leading European research groups from psychology, education, management, business administration, media and communication studies with 7 non-academic partners, including a company working on the global certification for workplace gender equality, a city administration, a public broadcasting service, a media training centre, and 3 non-profit organisations. G-VERSITY will (1) determine how significant background factors affect educational and professional pathways of women, men, and SGMs, and (2) produce scientifically based interventions for use in the workplace—including workshops, guidelines, and training materials, to be applied by employers to attain gender diversity. G-VERSITY’s innovative practical toolbox with applicable knowledge for attaining gender diversity will be designed for use (a) by the public sector such as by policy makers, schools, and the media, and (b) by commercial and non-profit companies in recruitment, retention, and career advancement. The training consists of collaborative supervision of 15 individual research projects by academic and nonacademic partners including mandatory intersectoral secondments, which will maximize early-stage researchers’ employability in academic and non-academic sectors. G-VERSITY’s results and activities will be widely communicated to the scientific community and society, for instance, through its interactive web platform SOLUTIONS, and improve the scientific and the public’s understanding of gender diversity.

Publications

Book

A Recent History of Lesbian and Gay Psychology (2018)

Gentlemen's Disagreement: Alfred Kinsey, Lewis Terman and the Sexual Politics of Smart Men. (2013)

Book Chapter

Afterword to “Representing Intersex” (2022)

Binomial word order and social status (2016)

Social Psychological Theory, History of (2015)

Gender, race, and ethnic relations (2014)

Psychology and sexuality in historical time (2013)

Androcentrism: Changing the landscape without leveling the playing field. (2013)

Who is the (second) graphed sex and why? The meaning of order in graphs of gender differences. (2011)

Interpreting and communicating the results of gender-related research (2010)

Queerying lesbian and gay psychology’s coming of age: Was the past just kid stuff? (2009)

Who gets stereotyped? How communication practices and category norms lead people to stereotype particular people and groups. (2008)

Queer methodologies (2007)

What comes after discourse analysis for LGBTQ psychology? (2007)

Androcentric preferences for visuospatial representations of gender differences (2006)

‘More feminine than 999 men out of 1,000:’ The construction of sex roles in psychology. (2003)

‘More feminine than 999 men out of 1,000:’ The construction of sex roles in psychology. (2003)

A Meeting of Minds: Can Cognitive Psychology Meet the Demands of Queer Theory?

Journal Article

Gender-critical or gender-inclusive? Radical feminism is associated with positive attitudes toward trans* people and their rights (2024)

Understanding variations in LGBTIQ+ acceptance across space and time: The importance of norm perceptions and political dynamics (2024)

Embodied standpoints in gender difference graphs and tables: When, where, and why are men still prioritized? (2024)

Understanding auditory gaydar experiences of lesbian women and gay men (2024)

[Book Review] What Haunts Intersex Studies? (2024)

Intersex in the USA's best-selling undergraduate psychology textbooks: Uneven critique in an ongoing scientific and ethical crisis (2024)

Understanding Auditory Gaydar Experiences of Lesbian Women and Gay Men (2024)

Intersex in the USA’s best-selling undergraduate psychology textbooks: Uneven critique in an ongoing scientific and ethical crisis (2024)

Embodied standpoints in gender difference graphs and tables: When, where, and why are men still prioritized? (2023)

The psychology of people with variable sex characteristics/intersex (2023)

Sounds Like There Was No Sexual Orientation Discrimination? Attributions to Discrimination on the Basis of Auditory Gaydar (2023)

Whose responsibility is it to talk with children and young people about intersex/differences in sex development? Young people’s, caregivers’ and health professionals’ perspectives (2023)

Public understanding of intersex: an update on recent findings (2023)

Psychologising meritocracy: A historical account of its many guises (2022)

Drawing the Line Between Essential and Nonessential Interventions on Intersex Characteristics With European Health Care Professionals (2021)

Editorial Introduction. Intersex: cultural and social perspectives (2021)

LGB+ and heterosexual-identified people produce similar analogies to intersex but have different opinions about its medicalisation (2021)

Stigmatization of ‘gay‐sounding’ voices: The role of heterosexual, lesbian, and gay individuals’ essentialist beliefs (2021)

Understanding of intersex: The meanings of umbrella terms and opinions about medical and social responses among laypeople in the United States and United Kingdom. (2021)

No country for old gay men: Age and sexuality category intersection renders older gay men invisible (2021)

Between cultural relativism and liberal ethnocentrism: What does Saudi Arabia tell us about cultural variation in moral identity and prejudice? (2021)

How young people talk about their variations in sex characteristics: making the topic of intersex talkable via sex education (2021)

Viral forgetting, or how to have ignorance in an syndemic (2021)

An experimental philosophical bioethical study of how human rights are applied to clitorectomy on infants identified as female and as intersex (2021)

Love is heterosexual‐by‐default: Cultural heterosexism in default prototypes of romantic love (2021)

Psychology’s history of sexual harassment persists into the present (2020)

Perceptions of coordinated movement (2020)

Strangers and States: Situating Accentism in a World of Nations (2020)

How does culture shape our moral identity? Moral foundations in Saudi Arabia and Britain (2020)

Heroes against homophobia: does elevation uniquely block homophobia by inhibiting disgust? (2020)

How Has Cultural Heterosexism Affected Thinking about Divorce? Asymmetric Framing of Same-Gender and Mixed-Gender Divorces in News Media and in Minds (2020)

A Leader Doesn’t Sound Lesbian!: The Impact of Sexual Orientation Vocal Cues on Heterosexual Persons’ First Impression and Hiring Decision (2019)

Sounding Gay, Speaking as a “Fag”: Auditory Gaydar and the Perception of Reclaimed Homophobic Language (2019)

Same clinic, different conceptions: Drug users’ and healthcare professionals’ perceptions of how stigma may affect clinical care (2019)

Inequality brokered (2019)

Equality in Theory: From a Heteronormative to an Inclusive Psychology of Romantic Love (2019)

Stigma as framed on YouTube : Effects of personal experiences videos on students’ beliefs about medicalizing intersex (2019)

How do we ‘other’? (2019)

Is homonationalism influencing public opinion? Experimental and survey evidence from the UK and Romania (2019)

Negotiating Theory When Doing Practice: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Research on Interventions to Reduce Homophobia (2019)

Clitoral surgery on minors: an interview study with clinical experts of differences of sex development (2019)

Moving intersex/DSD rights and care forward: Lay understandings of common dilemmas (2019)

Reasonable men: Sexual harassment and norms of conduct in social psychology (2019)

Histories of psychology after Stonewall: Introduction to the special issue. (2019)

Who Wants to Sound Straight? Sexual Majority and Minority Stereotypes, Beliefs and Desires About Auditory Gaydar (2018)

Shaping parents, shaping penises: How medical teams frame parents’ decisions in response to hypospadias (2018)

Making sense of ‘Intersex’ and ‘DSD’: how laypeople understand and use terminology (2018)

Commemoration in crisis: A discursive analysis of who ‘we’ and ‘they’ have been or become in ceremonial political speeches before and during the Greek financial downturn (2018)

Vaginal construction and treatment providers’ experiences: a qualitative analysis (2018)

The Influence of Magazines on Men: Normalizing and Challenging Young Men’s Prejudice with ‘Lads’ Mags’ (2018)

Rorschach tests and Rorschach vigilantes: Queering the history of Psychology in Watchmen (2017)

Long Live the King! Beginnings Loom Larger than Endings of Past and Recurrent Events (2017)

From Knowing Nothing to Knowing What, How and Now: Parents' Experiences of Caring for their Children With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. (2017)

Historical cognition’s dilemmas: Introduction to the special issue—recent advances in historical cognition (2017)

On the Failure to Notice that White People are White: Generating and Testing Hypotheses in the Celebrity Guessing Game (2017)

When do past events require explanation? Insights from social psychology (2017)

Straight talk about gaydar: How do individuals guess others’ sexual orientation? (2017)

Hindsight 40 years on: An interview with Baruch Fischhoff (2017)

The machines of sex research: Technology and the politics of identity, 1945-1985, by Donna Drucker (2016)

Blots and all: A British history of the Rorschach (2016)

Brains, variability and inheritance: The continued relevance of Shields 1975 in 21st century times. (2016)

Is the left hemisphere androcentric? Evidence of the learned categorical perception of gender. (2015)

Book review: Living in an asymmetrical world: how writing direction affects thought and action, by Anne Maass, Caterina Suitner, and Jean-Pierre Deconchy (2014) (2015)

A postcolonial feminist critique of harem analogies in psychological science (2015)

Insisting on the unthinkable: A reply to Wetherell and Potter (2015)

A genealogy of postmodern subjects: Discourse analysis and late capitalism (2015)

Is the left hemisphere androcentric? Evidence of the learned categorical perception of gender (2015)

Innovative approaches to teaching CHIP: An introduction to the Special Issue (2015)

Methodologies of misgendering: Recommendations for reducing cisgenderism in psychological research (2014)

Methodologies of misgendering: Recommendations for reducing cisgenderism in psychological research (2014)

Why is the history of heterosexuality essential? Beliefs about the history of heterosexuality and homosexuality and their relationship to sexual prejudice. (2014)

Interventions to Reduce Sexual Prejudice: A Study-Space Analysis and Meta-Analytic Review (2014)

The need for historical understanding in the psychology of peace and conflict (2014)

Interventions to reduce sexual prejudice: a study-space analysis and meta-analytic review. (2014)

Public engagement, knowledge transfer and impact validity (2013)

Deconstructing the ideal of fidelity: A view from LGB psychology. (2013)

Public engagement, knowledge transfer, and impact validity (2013)

Misgendering in english language contexts: Applying non-cisgenderist methods to feminist research (2013)

Who cares? UK lesbian caregivers in a heterosexual world (2013)

Maintaining distinctions under threat: Heterosexual men endorse the biological theory of sexuality when equality is the norm (2013)

Teaching & learning guide for asymmetric explanations of group differences: Experimental evidence of foucault's disciplinary power (2013)

Asymmetric explanations of group differences: Experimental evidence of Foucault's disciplinary power in social psychology. (2013)

Essential differences? Constructing frames of reference in spontaneous explanations of differences between the British and the Irish. (2013)

Can Biology Make You Gay (Friendly)? (2013)

Getting Miles away from Terman: Did the CRPS found Catharine Cox Milex Unsilenced Psychology of Sex? (2012)

Fostering research collaborations in LGBT psychology: An introduction to the special issue (2012)

Charlotte Wolff’s Contribution to Bisexual History and to (Sexuality) Theory and Research: A Reappraisal for Queer Times (2012)

Cisgenderism in psychology: Pathologizing and misgendering children from 1999 to 2008 (2012)

Beyond Kinsey: The Committee for Research on Problems of Sex and American Psychology. (2012)

The consequences of predicting scientific impact in psychology using journal impact factors. (2012)

Framing gender differences: Linguistic normativity affects perceptions of power and gender stereotypes (2012)

"Lights on at the end of the party": Are lads' mags mainstreaming dangerous sexism? (2011)

“Private Practices: Harry Stack Sullivan, the Science of Homosexuality and American Liberalism” by Naoko Wake. (2011)

"What Blokes Want Lesbians to be": On FHM and the socialization of pro-lesbian attitudes among heterosexual-identified men (2011)

When gentlemen are first and ladies are last: Effects of gender stereotypes on the order of romantic partners' names (2011)

Becoming curious: An invitation to the special issue on Queer Theory and Psychology (2011)

Sexuality, normality, intelligence. What is queer theory up against? (2011)

Charlotte Wolff and lesbian history: reconfiguring liminality in exile. (2010)

Discourses of friendship between heterosexual women and gay men: mythical norms and an absence of desire (2010)

Graphing the order of the sexes: Constructing, recalling, interpreting, and putting the self in gender difference graphs (2010)

“Bodies in Doubt: An American History of Intersex” by Elizabeth Reis. (2010)

Man seeks man: Gay men’s profiles on a website as subject production (2010)

A stone in the soup? Changes in sexual prejudice and essentialist beliefs among British students in a class on LGBT psychology (2010)

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender psychology: An international conversation among researchers (2010)

Toward an LGBT-affirmative informed paradigm for children who break gender norms: A comment on Drummond et al (2009)

Magnus Hirschfeld, his biographies, and the possibilities and boundaries of ‘biography’ as ‘doing history (2009)

Attributional Beliefs About the Controllability of Stigmatized Traits: Antecedents or Justifications of Prejudice? (2008)

The history of power (2007)

Exploring transsexualism (2007)

“Internationalizing the history of psychology” Edited by Adrian Brock. (2007)

Modern prejudice at work: Effects of homonegativeity and perceived erotic value of lesbians and gay men on heterosexuals' reactions to explicit and discrete couples (2007)

Slaying the Witch King: Androcentrism in psychology, and the seven habits of anti-normative people. (2007)

Who was Magnus Hirshfeld and why do we need to know? (2007)

Why criminalize forced marriage? Islamophobia and assimilation-based justifications. (2007)

Why criminalize forced marriage? Islamophobia and assimilation-based justifications. (2007)

Who was Magnus Hirshfeld and why do we need to know? (2007)

The history of power (2007)

Exploring transsexualism (2007)

Modern prejudice at work: Effects of homonegativeity and perceived erotic value of lesbians and gay men on heterosexuals' reactions to explicit and discrete couples (2007)

“Internationalizing the history of psychology” Edited by Adrian Brock. (2007)

Responses from the Lesbian & Gay Psychology Section to Crossley's 'Making sense of 'barebacking'' (2007)

Getting dirty - Psychology's history of power (2007)

From genius inverts to gendered intelligence: Lewis Terman and the power of the norm (2007)

When race and gender go without saying (2007)

Dilemmatic human-animal boundaries in Britain and Romania: Post-materialist and materialist dehumanization (2007)

Where's the sex in sexual prejudice? (2006)

Prejudice against lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, and trans people: A matter of identity, behaviour, or both? (2006)

Speaking of sexual politics in psychology (2006)

Public statement on the recognition of same-sex relationships (2006)

Androcentric reporting of gender differences in APA journals: 1965-2004 (2006)

Undoing androcentric explanations of gender differences: Explaining 'the effect to be predicted' (2006)

Anti-homosexual prejudice ... as opposed to what? Queer theory and the social psychology of anti-homosexual attitudes (2006)

Weighing the prospects of war (2006)

Predicting opposition to the civil rights of trans persons in the United Kingdom (2006)

Queer politics: Queer science (2005)

Harry Stack Sullivan and his chums: Archive fever in American psychiatry? (2005)

Attributing primary and secondary emotions to lesbians and gay men: Denying a human essence or gender stereotyping? (2005)

Premise-based category norms and the explanation of age differences (2005)

More clarity, please (2005)

An undervalued part of the psychology of gender canon? Reappraising Anne Constantinople's (1973) 'Masculinity-Femininity: An exception to a famous dictum?' (2005)

More clarity, please (2005)

An undervalued part of the psychology of gender canon? Reappraising Anne Constantinople's (1973) 'Masculinity-Femininity: An exception to a famous dictum?' (2005)

Kitzinger's irony: Then and now (2005)

Queer politics, queer science? Meg Barker in conversation with Peter Hegarty (2005)

Why "our" policies set the standard more than "theirs": Category norms and generalization between European Union countries (2005)

Was he Queer… or just Irish? Reading the Life of Harry Stack Sullivan (2004)

The differences that norms make: Empiricism, social constructionism, and the interpretation of group differences (2004)

Heterosexist ambivalence and heterocentric norms: Drinking in intergroup discomfort (2004)

Homosexual signs and heterosexual silences: Rorschach research on male homosexuality from 1921 to 1969 (2003)

Contingent Differences: An historical note on Evelyn Hooker’s use of significance testing (2003)

Pointing to a crisis: What finger-length ratios tell us about the construction of sexuality (2003)

An unconventional family (2002)

An unconventional family (2002)

'It's not a choice, it's the way we're built': Symbolic beliefs about sexual orientation in the US and Britain (2002)

The effects of social category norms and stereotypes on explanations for intergroup differences (2001)

Sciences of the flesh: Representing body and subject in psychoanalysis (2001)

‘Real science’, deception experiments and the gender of my lab coat: Toward a new laboratory manual for lesbian and gay psychology. (2001)

Sexual orientation beliefs: Their relationship to anti-gay attitudes and biological determinist arguments (2001)

Intersexed activism, feminism, and psychology: Opening a dialogue on theory, research, and practice (2000)

The political psychology of reproductive strategies. (2000)

Social dominance and the legitimation of inequality across cultures. (2000)

Taking intersexuality seriously: A new challenge for lesbian and gay psychology. (1999)

“Engendering AIDS:” Deconstructing sex, text, and epidemic” by Tamsin Wilton. (1999)

Materializing the hypothalamus: A performative account of the ‘gay brain.’ (1997)

Presentation / Conference

Accounts of difference and similarity in friendships between heterosexual women and gay men: a discourse analytic approach. (2006)

Report

Choice Matters: Alternative Approaches to Encourage Sustainable Consumption and Production (2006)